Crash of an Antonov AN-24B in Minsk: 13 killed

Date & Time: Jan 15, 1979 at 1305 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-46807
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Dnipropetrovsk - Kiev - Minsk
MSN:
67302109
YOM:
1976
Flight number:
SU7502
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
9
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
13
Aircraft flight hours:
23844
Aircraft flight cycles:
17627
Circumstances:
The approach to Minsk-1 Airport was initiated in poor weather conditions with low ceiling, limited visibility and icing conditions. On final, while in a slight nose down attitude, at a speed of 140 km/h, the airplane struck the ground and crashed in a snow covered field located 5,280 meters short of runway threshold. Three passengers were seriously injured while 11 other occupants were killed. Few hours later, two of the three survivors died from their injuries. The aircraft was totally destroyed upon impact.
Probable cause:
It was determined that the accident was the consequence of a premature deactivation of the deicing systems while completing an approach in icing conditions with flaps deployed at 38°. This caused the aircraft to be unstable on its longitudinal axis and to come uncontrollable. Various flight tests to determine the longitudinal stability and controllability characteristics during a flight in icing conditions had not been carried out.

Crash of a Grumman G-73 Mallard off Avalon

Date & Time: Jan 14, 1979 at 1640 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N95DF
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Avalon - Long Beach
MSN:
J-19
YOM:
1947
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
9
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
6500
Captain / Total hours on type:
85.00
Circumstances:
While taking off from the Avalon harbour, the seaplane struck three successive waves. On impact, the left engine and the left were torn off. The aircraft came to rest and was damaged beyond repair. All 11 occupants escaped with minor injuries.
Probable cause:
Engine tearaway during takeoff run after the crew selected an unsuitable terrain and failed to abort takeoff. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Premature liftoff,
- Overload failure.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas C-54D-10-DC Skymaster near San Borja

Date & Time: Jan 12, 1979
Type of aircraft:
Registration:
CP-1352
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
10761
YOM:
1945
Location:
Country:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
Few minutes after takeoff from San Borja-Capitan Germán Quiroga Guardia Airport, the crew encountered an unexpected situation and was forced to attempt an emergency landing. The airplane crashed in unknown circumstances about 48 km northeast of San Borja and was damaged beyond repair. There were no casualties.

Crash of a Douglas DC-8-61 in Portland: 10 killed

Date & Time: Dec 28, 1978 at 1815 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N8082U
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
New York - Denver - Portland
MSN:
45972/357
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
UA173
Crew on board:
8
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
181
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
10
Captain / Total flying hours:
27638
Captain / Total hours on type:
5517.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
5209
Copilot / Total hours on type:
247
Aircraft flight hours:
33114
Circumstances:
United Airlines Flight 173, departed New York-JFK on a scheduled flight to Portland International Airport (PDX), with an en route stop at Denver (DEN). The DC-8-61 took off from Denver about 14:47. The planned time en route was 2 hrs 26 min. The planned arrival time at Portland was 17:13. There was 46,700 lb of fuel on board the aircraft when it departed the gate at Denver. This fuel included the Federal Aviation Regulation requirement for fuel to destination plus 45 min and the company contingency fuel of about 20 min. At 17:05, Flight 173 called Portland Approach and advised that its altitude was 10,000 ft and its airspeed was being reduced. Portland responded and told the flight to maintain its heading for a visual approach to runway 28. Flight 173 acknowledged the approach instructions and stated, "...we have the field in sight." At 17:07, Portland Approach instructed the flight to descend and maintain 8,000 ft. Flight 173 acknowledged the instructions and advised that it was "leaving ten." At 17:09, Flight 173 received and acknowledged a clearance to continue its descent to 6,000 ft. When the DC-8 was descending through about 8,000 ft, the first officer, who was flying the aircraft, requested the wing flaps be extended to 15 degrees, then asked that the landing gear be lowered. As the landing gear extended, an unusual sound was heard and the aircraft yawed. At 17:12, Portland Approach requested, "United one seven three heavy, contact the tower, one one eight point seven." The flight responded, "negative, we'll stay with you. We'll stay at five. We'll maintain about a hundred and seventy knots. We got a gear problem. We'll let you know." Portland Approach replied, "United one seventy-three heavy roger, maintain five thousand. Turn left heading two zero zero." The flight acknowledged the instructions. At 17:14, Portland Approach advised, "United one seventy three heavy, turn left heading, one zero zero and I'll just orbit you out there 'til you get your problem." Flight 173 acknowledged the instructions. For the next 23 min, while Portland Approach was vectoring the aircraft in a holding pattern south and east of the airport, the flight crew discussed and accomplished all of the emergency and precautionary actions available to them to assure themselves that all landing gear was locked in the full down position. The second officer checked the visual indicators on top of both wings, which extend above the wing surface when the landing gear is down-and-locked. About 17:38, Flight 173 contacted the United Airlines Systems Line Maintenance Control Center in San Francisco. The captain explained to company dispatch and maintenance personnel the landing gear problem and what the flight crew had done to assure that the landing gear was fully extended. He said they were planning to land in about twenty minutes. About 17:44, the captain and the first flight attendant discussed passenger preparation, crash landing procedures, and evacuation procedures. At 17:46, the first officer asked the flight engineer, "How much fuel we got...?" The flight engineer responded, "Five thousand." About 17:50, the captain asked the flight engineer to "Give us a current card on weight. Figure about another fifteen minutes." The first officer responded, "Fifteen minutes?" To which the captain replied, "Yeah, give us three or four thousand pounds on top of zero fuel weight." The flight engineer then said, "Not enough. Fifteen minutes is gonna really run us low on fuel here." Some calculations were made and at 17:52 the flight engineer talked to Portland and discussed the aircraft's fuel state, the number of persons on board the aircraft, and the emergency landing precautions at the airport. A fuel check at 17:57 learned that there were 1,000 lb in each tank, totalling 4,000 lb of fuel. From 17:57 until 18:00, the captain and the first officer engaged in a conversation which included discussions of giving the flight attendants ample time to prepare for the emergency, cockpit procedures in the event of an evacuation after landing, whether the brakes would have antiskid protection after landing, and the procedures the captain would be using during the approach and landing. At 18:01, the flight engineer reported that the cabin would be ready in "another two or three minutes." At 18:02, the flight engineer advised, "We got about three on the fuel and that's it." The aircraft was then about 5 nmi south of the airport on a southwest heading. Portland Approach then asked Flight 173 for a status report. The first officer replied, "Yeah, we have indication our gear is abnormal. It'll be our intention, in about five minutes, to land on two eight left. We would like the equipment standing by. Our indications are the gear is down and locked. We've got our people prepared for an evacuation in the event that should become necessary." At 18:03 Portland Approach asked that Flight 173 advise them when the approach would begin. The captain responded, "...They've about finished in the cabin. I'd guess about another three, four, five minutes." At this time the aircraft was about 8 nmi south of the airport on a southwesterly heading. At 18:06, the first flight attendant entered the cockpit and reported that they were ready in the passenger cabin. At this time the aircraft was about 17 nmi south of the airport on a southwesterly heading. The captain then said, "Okay. We're going to go in now. We should be landing in about five minutes." Almost simultaneous with this comment, the first officer said, "I think you just lost number four ..." followed immediately by advice to the flight engineer, "... better get some crossfeeds open there or something." At 18:06:46, the first officer told the captain, "We're going to lose an engine..." At 18:06:49, the first officer again stated, "We're losing an engine." Again the captain asked, "Why?" The first officer responded, "Fuel." The captain replied, "Why?" Between 18:06:52 and 18:07:06, the CVR revealed conflicting and confusing conversation between flight crewmembers as to the aircraft's fuel state. At 18:07:06, the first officer said, "It's flamed out." At 18:07:12, the captain called Portland Approach and requested, "...would like clearance for an approach into two eight left, now." The aircraft was about 19 nmi south southwest of the airport and turning left. This was the first request for an approach clearance from Flight 173 since the landing gear problem began. Portland Approach immediately gave the flight vectors for a visual approach to runway 28L. The flight turned toward the vector heading of 010 degrees. At 18:09:21, the captain advised Portland Approach, "United, seven three is going to turn toward the airport and come on in." After confirming Flight 173's intentions, Portland Approach cleared the flight for the visual approach to runway 28L. At 18:10:17, the captain requested that the flight engineer "reset that circuit breaker momentarily. See if we get gear lights." The flight engineer complied with the request. At 18:10:47, the captain requested the flight's distance from the airport. Portland approach responded, "I'd call it eighteen flying miles." At 18:12:42, the captain made another request for distance. Portland Approach responded, "Twelve flying miles." The flight was then cleared to contact Portland tower. At 18:13:21, the flight engineer stated, "We've lost two engines, guys." At 18:13:25, he stated, "We just lost two engines - one and two." At 1813:38, the captain said, They're all going. We can't make Troutdale." The first officer said, "We can't make anything." At 18:13:46, the captain told the first officer, "Okay. Declare a mayday." At 18:13:50, the first officer called Portland International Airport tower and declared, "Portland tower, United one seventy three heavy, Mayday. We're--the engines are flaming out. We're going down. We're not going to be able to make the airport." This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173. About 18:15, the aircraft crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland about 6 nmi east southeast of the airport. There was no fire. The wreckage path was about 1,554 ft long and about 130 ft wide. Two crew members and eight passengers were killed, 34 other occupants were injured.
Probable cause:
The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crew member's advisories regarding fuel state. This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines. His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible emergency landing. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain. The following findings were reported:
- Except for the failure of the piston rod on the right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly, with the resulting damage to the landing gear position indicating system switch, there was no evidence of a failure or malfunction of the aircraft’s structure, powerplants, flight controls, or systems,
- All of the aircraft’s engines flamed out because of fuel exhaustion about 1815, one hour and 3 minutes after it entered into hold and 3 hrs 27 min after it departed Denver,
- Fuel exhaustion was predictable. The crew failed to equate the fuel remaining with time and distance from the airport,
- No pertinent malfunctions were found during examinations of the fuel quantity measuring system,
- The captain failed to make decisive timely decisions,
- The captain failed to relate time, distance from the airport, and the aircraft’s fuel state as his attention was directed completely toward the diagnosis of the gear problem and preparation of the passengers for an emergency landing. The gear problem had a disorganizing effect on the captain's performances,
- Neither the first officer nor the flight engineer conveyed any concern about fuel exhaustion to the captain until the accident was inevitable.
Final Report:

Crash of a Britten-Norman BN-2A-21 Islander off Turks and Caicos Islands: 10 killed

Date & Time: Dec 26, 1978
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
HH-CNB
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Cockburn Harbour - Cockburn Town
MSN:
442
YOM:
1975
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
8
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
10
Circumstances:
En route from Cockburn Harbour to Cockburn Town, the copilot declared an emergency after an engine failed in flight. The airplane lost height and crashed into the sea off Turks and Caicos Islands. All 10 occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
Engine failure for undetermined reasons.

Crash of a Piper PA-31-325 Navajo C/R in Dallas

Date & Time: Dec 20, 1978 at 0711 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N27604
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
Dallas - Oklahoma City
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
6
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
5310
Captain / Total hours on type:
429.00
Circumstances:
After takeoff from Dallas-Love Field Airport, while climbing, one of the engine failed. The pilot elected to return for a safe landing when the aircraft lost height and crashed into residences by the airport. All seven occupants were seriously injured while no one on the ground was injured. The aircraft was destroyed.
Probable cause:
Engine malfunction during initial climb and subsequent collision with residences due to improperly serviced aircraft by ground crew. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Improper fuel grade,
- Operational supervisory personnel: deficiency, company maintained equipment, services, regulation,
- High obstructions,
- Partial loss of power on one engine,
- Complete engine failure one engine,
- Forced landing off airport on land,
- The truck use to refuel the airplane was supposed to be 100LL fuel but contained Jet A fuel,
- The fuel farm tank vent covers were improperly marked.
Final Report:

Crash of a De Havilland DH.114 Heron 2 in Cleveland

Date & Time: Dec 18, 1978 at 1431 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N3FB
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Mansfield - Cleveland
MSN:
14111
YOM:
1957
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
15
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
3311
Captain / Total hours on type:
908.00
Circumstances:
Following an uneventful flight from Mansfield, the crew was cleared to land at Cleveland-Hopkins Airport. After touchdown, while decelerating on runway, the four engine airplane collided with an airport vehicle that was crossing the runway from a position on airport to terminal area. Following the collision, the crew stopped the airplane on runway and all 17 occupants were evacuated safely. The aircraft was however considered as damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Ground collision with airport vehicle after ATC personnel issue improper or conflicting instructions. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Driver of vehicle,
- Ground controller cleared airport vehicle from position on airport to terminal area.
Final Report:

Crash of a Boeing 737-2A8 in Hyderabad: 4 killed

Date & Time: Dec 17, 1978 at 1042 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
VT-EAL
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Hyderabad - New Delhi
MSN:
20485/277
YOM:
1971
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
6
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
126
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
4
Circumstances:
After liftoff from runway 09 at Hyderabad-Begumpet Airport, during initial climb, the captain noticed severe vibrations as the leading edges were not properly deployed. After the undercarriage were raised, the captain decided to land back. The airplane belly landed, slid for about 940 meters, overran, struck a perimeter fence and came to rest in flames in a grassy area. The aircraft was totally destroyed by a post crash fire. 31 passengers were injured while 100 other occupants escaped unhurt. A passenger as well as three people cutting grass near the boundary fence were killed.
Probable cause:
Severe vibrations and decision to attempt an emergency landing following incorrect deployment of the leading edges for undetermined reasons.

Crash of a PZL-Mielec AN-2 in Orel

Date & Time: Dec 7, 1978
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-40717
Flight Phase:
MSN:
1G171-54
YOM:
1976
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
Smoke spread in the cabin during flight, forcing the crew to attempt an emergency landing. Erroneous crew actions caused the aircraft to crash. Occupant fate remains unknown.

Crash of a De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter in Steamboat Springs: 2 killed

Date & Time: Dec 4, 1978 at 1945 LT
Operator:
Registration:
N25RM
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
Steamboat Springs - Denver
MSN:
387
YOM:
1973
Flight number:
JC217
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
20
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
2
Captain / Total flying hours:
7340
Captain / Total hours on type:
3904.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
3816
Copilot / Total hours on type:
320
Aircraft flight hours:
15145
Circumstances:
The flight departed Steamboat Springs-Bob Adams Airport at 1855LT on a scheduled flight to Denver-Stapleton, carrying 20 passengers and a crew of two. After takeoff, while climbing, the crew encountered severe icing conditions and was cleared to return when the flight crashed into a mountain at the 10,530 feet level. Rescuers arrived on scene the following morning. A pilot and a passenger died while 20 other occupants were injured, most of them seriously. According to official observations, the weather at Steamboat Springs about 25 minutes before the accident consisted of an estimated 2,000 feet overcast ceiling and 6 miles visibility in freezing rain. According to surviving passengers, after the accident, snow was falling at the crash site and a strong wind was blowing and gusting from the west.
Probable cause:
The probable cause of the accident was severe icing and strong downdrafts associated with a mountain wave which combined to exceed the aircraft's capability to maintain flight. Contributing to the accident was the captain's decision to fly into probable icing conditions that exceeded the conditions authorised by company directive.
Final Report: