Crash of a Douglas DC-10-30 in Tripoli: 81 killed

Date & Time: Jul 27, 1989 at 0725 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
HL7328
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
Seoul - Bangkok - Jeddah - Tripoli
MSN:
47887
YOM:
1973
Flight number:
KE803
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
18
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
181
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
111
Aircraft flight hours:
49025
Aircraft flight cycles:
11440
Circumstances:
The approach to Tripoli Intl Airport was completed in below weather minima as the visibility was varying between 100 and 800 feet and the ILS on runway 27 was unserviceable. On short final, the crew failed to realize his altitude was too low when the aircraft struck the roof of a house, stalled and crashed in a residential area located 2,4 km short of runway. Three crew members and 72 passengers were killed as well as six people on the ground. 124 people in the aircraft were injured as well as few dozen on the ground.
Probable cause:
The crew decided to continue the descent below the glide until the aircraft struck obstacles and crashed. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Lack of visibility due to foggy conditions,
- Below minima weather conditions,
- The crew failed to initiate a go-around while he did not establish a visual contact with the runway,
- The ILS system for runway 27 was unserviceable,
- The crew failed to follow the approach procedures,
- The crew ignored ATC warnings,
- The approach speed was excessive and the flaps were not deployed in the correct angle,
- The crew of a Russian aircraft diverted to Malta an hour before the accident due to unsafe landing conditions.

Crash of a Cessna 404 Titan II in Kaohsiung: 13 killed

Date & Time: Jun 27, 1989 at 0906 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
B-12206
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
Kaohsiung – Wangan
MSN:
404-0418
YOM:
1978
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
11
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
13
Circumstances:
Shortly after takeoff from Kaohsiung Airport, while in initial climb, the crew encountered engine troubles. The airplane stalled and crashed in a residential area near the airport, bursting into flames. A passenger was injured while 12 other occupants were killed as well as one people on the ground.
Probable cause:
Engine trouble for unknown reasons.

Crash of a Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4 Turbo Porter in Kuala Lumpur: 6 killed

Date & Time: May 17, 1989
Operator:
Registration:
9M-PSJ
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Kuala Lumpur - Kuala Lumpur
MSN:
854
YOM:
1986
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
5
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
6
Circumstances:
The single engine aircraft was engaged in a survey flight, carrying five passengers and one pilot. En route, unknown technical problems forced the crew to return to Kuala Lumpur-Subang Airport when the aircraft crashed on a car near the airport. All six occupants were killed while there was no casualties on ground.

Crash of a PZL-Mielec AN-2R in Seshenovo: 5 killed

Date & Time: May 1, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-70225
Flight Phase:
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Site:
MSN:
1G138-43
YOM:
1972
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
3
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
5
Circumstances:
The single engine aircraft was carrying three passengers and two pilots and was engaged in a local demonstration flight in Seshenovo. The occupant were supposed to drop leaflets to celebrate the 1st of May. The crew descended too low when the aircraft encountered strong winds, struck trees and crashed in flames in a square. The aircraft was destroyed by fire and all five occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
It was determined that the crew was intoxicated at the time of the accident.

Crash of a Sud-Aviation SE-210 Caravelle 11R in Barranquilla: 7 killed

Date & Time: Apr 26, 1989
Operator:
Registration:
HK-3325X
Flight Phase:
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Barranquilla – Bogotá
MSN:
215
YOM:
1967
Country:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
2
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
7
Circumstances:
The aircraft was engaged in a cargo flight from Barranquilla to Bogotá, carrying various goods including meat and a car. Just after liftoff, while in initial climb, the cargo shifted and the aircraft got a nose up attitude. With an excessive angle of attack, the aircraft stalled and crashed in a residential area near the airport. The aircraft was destroyed and all five occupants as well as two people on the ground were killed. Eleven other people on the ground were injured.
Probable cause:
It is believed that the cargo was not properly secured in the cargo compartment.

Crash of a Boeing 707-349C in São Paulo: 25 killed

Date & Time: Mar 21, 1989 at 1155 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
PT-TCS
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Manaus – São Paulo
MSN:
19354
YOM:
1966
Flight number:
TR801
Country:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
25
Captain / Total flying hours:
10731
Captain / Total hours on type:
1458.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
2265
Copilot / Total hours on type:
21
Aircraft flight hours:
61053
Circumstances:
The crew (one captain under training, one instructor and one flight engineer) was completing a cargo flight from Manaus to São Paulo and the aircraft was carrying a load of 26 tons of electronic equipments. Initially cleared for an approach to runway 09L, the crew was instructed to change to runway 09R as runway 09L was blocked by an aircraft. The crew was aware of a notam saying that runway 09R would be closed to all traffic starting 1200LT due to maintenance. In such conditions, the instructor rushed the approach procedure, interrupted the instruction to the captain under supervision and commanded flaps and speed brake at the same time, causing the aircraft to descend. The left wing struck the roof of a house then crashed in a residential area located about 2,7 km short of runway, bursting into flames. All three crew members and 22 people on the ground were killed. 47 other people on the ground were seriously injured.
Probable cause:
The accident was the consequence of the combination of the following factors (findings):
- The imminent interruption of operations in the aerodrome that would be used for landing the aircraft (closure of runway 09R due to works) stimulated the instructor to make a hurried descent, characterizing a potential state of anxiety,
- Probable crew fatigue,
- The instruction given to the pilot was discontinued and the local flight did not comply with the minima provided in RAC 3211,
- The failures found in the instruction were due to poor supervision of the Company's operations sector,
- Poor crew coordination,
- During the descent procedure when working checklist, the instructor broke the sequence of standardized procedures, thus stopping the instruction and consequently, the student's core handling of the flight,
- The instructor, without the student being informed beforehand, commanded the flaps together with the speed brakes. This action configured an abnormal attitude that contributed, without the pilots identifying, to the loss of control of the aircraft,
- The flight engineer also failed to meet the checklist items,
- The instructor did not follow the standardization of the instruction, when he executed a decision in a hurry,
- The crew did not respond to the sinking and pull up warnings,
- Error in the application of flight controls,
- The crew did not operate in accordance with the operational standard issued by the manufacturer and endorsed by the company,
- The air traffic controller contributed to the increase of the crew anxiety level by using non standard phraseology.
Final Report:

Crash of a Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander in Lima: 10 killed

Date & Time: Mar 10, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
OB-T-1271
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Nazca – Lima
MSN:
604
YOM:
1970
Country:
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
8
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
10
Circumstances:
On final approach to Lima-Callao-Jorge Chávez Airport, the twin engine aircraft struck a radio antenna and crashed onto a building located in a residential area, few km short of runway. The aircraft was destroyed and all 10 occupants were killed, among them 8 US citizens returning to Lima following a sightseeing tour in the Nazca region.

Crash of a Beechcraft 200 Super King Air in La Carlota AFB: 2 killed

Date & Time: Jan 12, 1989 at 0810 LT
Registration:
YV-597CP
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Valencia – La Carlota
MSN:
BB-394
YOM:
1978
Country:
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
2
Circumstances:
On approach to La Carlota-General Francisco de Miranda AFB, the crew was instructed to divert due to poor weather conditions at destination. While initiating a go-around procedure, the crew lost control of the aircraft that crashed in the backyard of a house, about 7,8 km short of runway. Both occupants were killed.

Crash of a Piper PA-31-310 Navajo in Springfield: 1 killed

Date & Time: Jan 3, 1989 at 0812 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N9034Y
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Indianapolis - Columbus
MSN:
31-47
YOM:
1967
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
1
Captain / Total flying hours:
1041
Captain / Total hours on type:
57.00
Aircraft flight hours:
5906
Circumstances:
The pilot was making a contract cargo flight under far 91 rules and had experienced icing enroute. When just past Dayton, he indicated that he 'had a little fuel problem' and needed to get into OSU without delays. A short time later he indicated that he needed to go to the nearest airport. He was vectored toward SGH for landing. He then indicated that he had lost an engine and a short time later indicated that he had lost the other engine. The aircraft crashed in a residential area. There was no fire and only residual fuel was found in the airplane. The company president indicated that he did not encourage his pilots to carry 'excess fuel'. It was reported that this pilot, along with others, had been 'chewed out' for carrying 'excess fuel'. The operation should have been conducted under far 135 rules since the company had retained operational control of the operation. The pilot, sole on board, was killed.
Probable cause:
Fuel exhaustion precipitated by the inadequate fuel consumption calculations performed by the pilot, pressure from the company president to not carry excess fuel and improper in-flight planning/decisions by the pilot by not refueling enroute before fuel was exhausted. Contributing to the accident was the inadequate surveillance and certification of the operator by the FAA.
Occurrence #1: loss of engine power (total) - nonmechanical
Phase of operation: descent
Findings
1. (c) fuel consumption calculations - inadequate - pilot in command
2. (c) company-induced pressure - company/operator management
3. (c) inadequate surveillance of operation - faa (organization)
4. (c) fluid, fuel - exhaustion
5. (c) aircraft preflight - inadequate - pilot in command
6. (c) inadequate certification/approval - faa (organization)
7. (c) refueling - not performed - pilot in command
8. (c) in-flight planning/decision - inadequate - pilot in command
----------
Occurrence #2: forced landing
Phase of operation: descent - emergency
----------
Occurrence #3: in flight collision with terrain/water
Phase of operation: descent - uncontrolled
Final Report:

Crash of a Boeing 747-121A in Lockerbie: 270 killed

Date & Time: Dec 21, 1988 at 1903 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N739PA
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
London - New York
MSN:
19646
YOM:
1970
Flight number:
PA103
Region:
Crew on board:
16
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
243
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
270
Captain / Total flying hours:
10910
Captain / Total hours on type:
4107.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
11855
Copilot / Total hours on type:
5517
Aircraft flight hours:
72464
Aircraft flight cycles:
16497
Circumstances:
Flight PA103 departed London-Heathrow runway 27R for New York at 18:25. The aircraft levelled off at FL310, 31 minutes later. At 19:03 Shanwick Oceanic Control transmitted an oceanic clearance. At that time an explosion occurred in the aircraft's forward cargo hold at position 4L. The explosive forces produced a large hole in the fuselage structure and disrupted the main cabin floor. Major cracks continued to propagate from the large hole while containers and items of cargo ejected through the hole, striking the empennage, left- and right tail plane. The forward fuselage and flight deck area separated when the aircraft was in a nose down and left roll attitude, peeling away to the right at Station 800. The nose section then knocked the no. 3 engine off its pylon. The remaining aircraft disintegrated while it was descending nearly vertically from 19000 feet to 9000 feet. A section of cabin floor and baggage hold (from approx. Station 1241-1920) fell onto housing at Rosebank Terrace, Lockerbie. The main wing structure struck the ground with a high yaw angle at Sherwood Crescent, Lockerbie causing a massive fire. The Semtex bomb which caused the explosion had probably been hidden in a radio cassette player and was transferred to PA103 from a Pan Am Boeing 727 flight, arriving from Frankfurt. After a three-year joint investigation by the Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation indictments for murder were issued on November 13, 1991, against Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence officer and the head of security for Libyan Arab Airlines (LAA), and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, the LAA station manager in Luqa Airport, Malta. United Nations sanctions against Libya and protracted negotiations with the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi secured the handover of the accused on April 5, 1999. On January 31, 2001, Megrahi was convicted of murder by a panel of three Scottish judges, and sentenced to 27 years in prison. Fhimah was acquitted.
Probable cause:
The in-flight disintegration of the aircraft was caused by the detonation of an improvised explosive device located in a baggage container positioned on the left side of the forward cargo hold at aircraft station 700.
Final Report: