Crash of a Boeing 727-2F2 near Isparta: 154 killed

Date & Time: Sep 19, 1976 at 2315 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
TC-JBH
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Istanbul - Antalya
MSN:
20982
YOM:
1974
Flight number:
TK452
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
8
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
146
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
154
Circumstances:
The airplane departed Istanbul-Yeşilköy Airport at 2245LT on a scheduled flight to Antalya, carrying 146 passengers and a crew of eight. After passing over the Afyon VOR at an altitude of 25,000 feet, the crew requested the permission to descend to 13,000 feet. A 2311LT, the captain reported Antalya city lights in sight and started the descent to runway 36. At this time, the real position of the aircraft was about 100 km north of Antalya. Four minutes later, while descending by night under VFR mode at an altitude of 3,700 feet, the airplane struck the slope of Mt Karakaya (1,371 metres high) located south of Isparta. The airplane disintegrated on impact and debris were found at an altitude of 1,130 metres. All 154 occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
The airplane was descending by night under VFR mode to Isparta instead of Antalya after the flying crew mistook the city lights of Antalya with the ones of Isparta (100 km to the north). This error of judgment on part of the crew caused the aircraft to initiate the descent prematurely and to struck the mountain that the crew failed to locate due to lack of visual references. In consequence, the accident was the result of a controlled flight into terrain following navigational errors.

Crash of a Hawker Siddeley HS.121 Trident 3B in Vrbovec: 63 killed

Date & Time: Sep 10, 1976 at 1114 LT
Operator:
Registration:
G-AWZT
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
London - Istanbul
MSN:
2320
YOM:
1972
Flight number:
BA476
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
9
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
54
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
63
Captain / Total flying hours:
10781
Captain / Total hours on type:
399.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
3655
Copilot / Total hours on type:
1592
Aircraft flight hours:
8627
Aircraft flight cycles:
6952
Circumstances:
Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 3B operated by British Airways as flight BE476 and a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32, operated by Inex-Adria Aviopromet, were destroyed when both aircraft crashed near Vrobec following a mid-air collision. All 176 on board both aircraft were killed. The Trident was on a scheduled flight from London-Heathrow Airport in England to Istanbul-Yesilköy Airport in Turkey, carrying 54 passengers and a crew of 9. The aircraft took off at 08:32 GMT and the flight proceeded normally. First contact with the Zagreb Area Control Centre was established on the Upper Sector frequency 134,45 MHz at 10:04 GMT. The flight was requested to report passing the Zagreb VOR at flight level 330. The aircraft flew along the centreline of airway UB5 with slight side deviation 1-2 km to the right due to wind. At 2 minutes and 50 seconds before the collision, the aircraft changed heading to 115° to head back towards the airway centreline. Airspeed was 295 Kts. The DC-9 departed Split Airport at 09:48 GMT to fly 108 West German tourists back to Cologne. Flight JP550 was issued instructions to climb to FL180. At 09:54 the flight, on passing flight level 130, switched to the Zagreb Area Control Centre lower sector east frequency of 124.6 MHz, receiving clearance to climb to FL240 and later to FL260. At 10:03 the crew switched to the frequency of the middle sector controller, responsible for safety and regulation of traffic between flight levels 250 and 310. This controller cleared to flight to FL350. The aircraft assumed a heading of 353° and a speed of 273 Kts as it passed a beam and to the west of the KOS NDB, approximately 2-3 km from the airway centreline. While heading towards the Zagreb VOR, the flight crew radioed the Upper Sector controller on frequency 134,45 MHz at 10:14:04 GMT and reported that they were climbing through FL325. The controller then requested, in Serbo-Croatian, flight JP550 to maintain their present altitude and report passing the Zagreb VOR. The controller stated that an aircraft was in front passing from left to right at FL335, while in fact BE476 was at FL330. At 10:14:38 the crew replied, also in Serbo-Croatian, that they where maintaining FL330. Three seconds later both aircraft collided. The outer five meters of the DC-9's left wing cut through the Trident's cockpit. Due to the sudden decompression, the forward part of the Trident's fuselage disintegrated. The remaining part of the fuselage struck the ground tail-first. With it's left wing torn off, the DC-9 tumbled down and hit the ground right-wing first.
Probable cause:
Direct cause of the accident was the struck of the DC-9 wing into the middle side of the Trident 3B fuselage which occurred at the height of 33.000 feet above Zagreb VOR so that both aircraft became uncontrollable and fell on the ground.
- Improper ATC operation,
- Non-compliance with regulations on continuous listening to the appropriate radio frequency of ATC,
- Non-performance of look-out duty from the cockpits of either aircraft.
Final Report:

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 off Anapa: 18 killed

Date & Time: Sep 9, 1976 at 1351 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87772
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Rostov-on-Don - Kerch
MSN:
9 03 07 13
YOM:
1970
Flight number:
SU031C
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
14
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
18
Aircraft flight hours:
6842
Aircraft flight cycles:
7174
Circumstances:
The aircraft was completing a flight from Rostov-on-Don to Kerch in limited visibility due to cloudy conditions when, at an altitude of 5,700 metres, it collided with an Aeroflot Antonov AN-24RV. Registered CCCP-46518, the AN-24 was flying from Donetsk to Sochi with 52 people on board. Following the collision, both aircraft entered a dive and crashed into the Black Sea about 37 km south of Anapa. Both aircraft sank by a depth of about 500 metres and none of the 70 occupants survived the crash.
Probable cause:
The in-flight collision was the consequence of mistakes committed by the air traffic controller in charge of the western sector of the Krasnodar area who violated the published procedures and failed to provide the minimum separation of 600 meters required for both aircraft prior to transfer them to the Anapa sector. The lack of visibility due to significant cloud cover was considered as a contributing factor, as well as poor ATC coordination between various sectors.

Crash of an Antonov AN-24RV off Anapa: 52 killed

Date & Time: Sep 9, 1976 at 1351 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-46518
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Gomel - Donetsk - Sotchi
MSN:
37308504
YOM:
1973
Flight number:
SU7957
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
47
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
5
Aircraft flight hours:
6107
Aircraft flight cycles:
4626
Circumstances:
The aircraft was completing the second leg from its Gomel - Donetsk - Sochi flight in limited visibility due to cloudy conditions when, at an altitude of 5,700 metres, it collided with an Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40. Registered CCCP-87772, the Yak was flying from Rostov-on-Don to Kerch with 18 people on board. Following the collision, both aircraft entered a dive and crashed into the Black Sea about 37 km south of Anapa. Both aircraft sank by a depth of about 500 metres and none of the 70 occupants survived the crash.
Probable cause:
The in-flight collision was the consequence of mistakes committed by the air traffic controller in charge of the western sector of the Krasnodar area who violated the published procedures and failed to provide the minimum separation of 600 meters required for both aircraft prior to transfer them to the Anapa sector. The lack of visibility due to significant cloud cover was considered as a contributing factor, as well as poor ATC coordination between various sectors.

Crash of a Britten-Norman BN-2A-3 Islander in Grand Anse

Date & Time: Sep 4, 1976
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
VQ-SAC
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
287
YOM:
1971
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
After takeoff from Grand Anse Airport, while in initial climb, both engines stopped simultaneously. The aircraft stalled and crashed past the runway end. All occupants escaped with minor injuries while the aircraft was destroyed.
Probable cause:
Failure of both engines after takeoff for undetermined reasons.

Crash of a Lockheed C-130H Hercules in Lajes: 68 killed

Date & Time: Sep 3, 1976 at 2145 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
7772
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Caracas - Lajes - Barcelone
MSN:
4408
YOM:
1971
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
10
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
58
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
68
Circumstances:
While descending to Lajes Airport, the crew encountered very poor weather conditions and limited visibility due to the night, low clouds and heavy rain falls. On short final, the pilot failed to realize his altitude was too low when the airplane struck the top of a hill located 1,500 metres short of runway 16 threshold and crashed in flames. The aircraft was destroyed and all 68 occupants were killed, among them members of the Venezuelan choir Orfeón Universitario who were flying to Barcelona, Spain, to take part to an international festival. At the time of the accident, weather conditions were poor with heavy rain falls and winds gusting to 30 knots after the hurricane 'Emmy' passed over the Azores Islands that day.

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-15 in León

Date & Time: Sep 2, 1976 at 0730 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
XA-SOF
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Mexico City - León
MSN:
47124/254
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
AM152
Country:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
20
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
After landing at León-Guanajuato del Bajio Airport, the airplane was unable to stop within the remaining distance, overran and came to rest. All 24 occupants escaped uninjured while the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

Crash of a Cessna 402B in Molokai

Date & Time: Aug 28, 1976 at 1050 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N69391
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Molokai - Honolulu
MSN:
402B-0529
YOM:
1973
Location:
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
8
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
1503
Captain / Total hours on type:
400.00
Circumstances:
After takeoff from Molokai Airport, the pilot encountered control problems and the airplane became unstable. In such conditions, he decided to reduce his altitude and to attempt an emergency landing in a prairie. Upon landing, the airplane slid for several yards before coming to rest. Two passengers were seriously injured while seven other occupants escaped with minor injuries.
Probable cause:
Airframe failure during initial climb due to improper maintenance on part of the maintenance personnel. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Flight control systems: elevator and elevator tab control system,
- Improperly installed,
- Chafed,
- Forced landing off airport on land,
- Elevator cable P/N 5000008-8 misrouted outside pulley guard pin,
- Cable wore and broke from chaffing.
Final Report:

Ground explosion of a Sud-Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III in Ho Chi Minh: 1 killed

Date & Time: Aug 28, 1976
Operator:
Registration:
F-BSGZ
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Ho Chi Minh – Bangkok
MSN:
83
YOM:
1961
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
15
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
1
Circumstances:
While parked at Ho Chi Minh-City Airport, the airplane was hijacked by a Vietnamese passenger. All 19 occupants were quickly released and when police forces approached the aircraft, the hijacker set off two grenades that exploded in the cabin. The hijacker was killed and the aircraft was considered as damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Explosion of two grenades in the cabin after the aircraft has been hijacked.

Crash of an Antonov AN-2V near Berezovo

Date & Time: Aug 27, 1976
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-79852
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
1162 473 10
YOM:
1961
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
En route, the engine flamed out. The aircraft lost height and crashed in a field located near Berezovo. There were no casualties but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Engine flameout caused by a mishandling of the fuel system on part of the crew.