Crash of a Douglas DC-9-31 in Chicago: 10 killed

Date & Time: Dec 20, 1972 at 1800 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N954N
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Chicago – Madison – Duluth
MSN:
47159
YOM:
1967
Flight number:
NC575
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
41
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
10
Captain / Total flying hours:
20261
Captain / Total hours on type:
3455.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
4537
Copilot / Total hours on type:
1601
Aircraft flight hours:
11812
Circumstances:
The crew was cleared to takeoff from runway 27L. During the takeoff roll completed by night and a visibility limited to 250 feet due to fog, the captain called for rotation and the copilot, the pilot-in-command, started the rotation when one of the wing struck the tail of a Delta Airlines Convair CV-880. Registered N8807E, the Convair just landed at O'Hare Airport on flight DL954 from Tampa and its crew was cleared to cross runway 27L to roll to the gate. The collision caused the tail of the Convair to be torn off. Out of control, the DC-9 landed back onto the runway then veered off and came to rest in flames. The Convair was damaged beyond repair and the DC-9 was destroyed by a post crash fire. While 10 people on board the Convair were injured, 10 passengers on board the DC-9 were killed and 35 others were injured, some of them seriously.
Probable cause:
Failure of the air traffic control system to ensure separation of aircraft during a period of restricted visibility. This failure included the following:
- The controller omitted a critical word which made his transmission to the flight crew of the Delta CV-880 ambiguous,
- The controller did not use all the available information to determine the location of the CV-880,
- The CV-880 flight crew did not request clarification of the controller's communications.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-14 in Fort Worth: 4 killed

Date & Time: May 30, 1972 at 0724 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N3305L
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Fort Worth - Fort Worth
MSN:
45700/11
YOM:
1965
Flight number:
DL9570
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
4
Captain / Total flying hours:
6220
Captain / Total hours on type:
845.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
7800
Copilot / Total hours on type:
450
Aircraft flight hours:
18998
Circumstances:
The crew (three company pilots and a FAA pilot) were completing a local training flight at Fort Worth-Greater Southwest (Amon Carter Field) Airport. Following a normal approach to runway 13, the airplane passed over the threshold when it rolled left and right, causing the right wing struck the runway surface. Out of control, the airplane rolled to the right and crashed in flames. All four crew members were killed.
Probable cause:
An encounter with a trailing vortex generated by a preceding "heavy" jet which resulted in an involuntary loss of control of the airplane during final approach. Although cautioned to expect turbulence the crew did not have sufficient information to evaluate accurately the hazard or the possible location of the vortex. Existing FAA procedures for controlling VFR flight did not provide the same protection from a vortex encounter as was provided to flights being given radar vectors in either IFR or VFR conditions.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-31 in Fort Lauderdale

Date & Time: May 18, 1972 at 1521 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N8961E
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Miami – Fort Lauderdale – Cleveland
MSN:
45870/332
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
EA346
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
6
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
16500
Captain / Total hours on type:
960.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
3000
Copilot / Total hours on type:
1500
Aircraft flight hours:
10928
Circumstances:
The aircraft was completing flight EA346 from Miami to Cleveland with an intermediate stop in Fort Lauderdale. On approach to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Airport, the crew encountered poor weather conditions with thunderstorm activity and limited visibility due to rain showers. Following a wrong approach configuration, the aircraft landed hard on runway 09L with a rate of descent of 2,000 feet per minute. On impact, the undercarriage and the tail were torn off and the airplane slid on the wet runway before coming to rest in flames. Three occupants were injured while seven others escaped unhurt. The aircraft was destroyed by a ground fire.
Probable cause:
The decision of the pilot to initiate and continue an instrument approach under weather conditions which precluded adequate visual reference and the faulty techniques used by the pilot during the landing phase of that approach. The Safety Board also finds that the flight crew's non-adherence to prescribed operational practices and procedures compromised the safe operation of the flight.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-32 in Aden: 30 killed

Date & Time: Mar 19, 1972
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
YU-AHR
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Cairo – Jeddah – Aden
MSN:
47503/587
YOM:
1970
Flight number:
MS763
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
25
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
30
Circumstances:
While approaching Aden Airport in limited visibility, the airplane struck the slope of Mt Shamsan located about 5 km south of runway 08 threshold. The aircraft disintegrated on impact and all 30 occupants have been killed. At the time of the accident, weather conditions were considered as marginal with limited visibility. For unknown reason, the crew was attempting to land under VFR mode.
Probable cause:
Controlled flight into terrain.

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-32 in Česká Kamenice: 27 killed

Date & Time: Jan 26, 1972 at 1701 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
YU-AHT
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Stockholm – Copenhagen – Zagreb – Belgrade
MSN:
47482
YOM:
1970
Flight number:
JU367
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
23
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
27
Captain / Total flying hours:
8587
Captain / Total hours on type:
1306.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
2369
Copilot / Total hours on type:
420
Aircraft flight hours:
2091
Aircraft flight cycles:
2564
Circumstances:
The airplane was completing a scheduled flight from Stockholm to Belgrade with intermediate stops in Copenhagen and Zagreb. After it passed the Czech border, while cruising at an altitude of 33,000 feet, the airplane disappeared from radar screens without the pilots having been able to transmit all or part of an emergency message. Debris were found near the city of Česká Kamenice, in the north of Czechoslovakia, near the East German border. 27 occupants were killed and a flight attendant, Mrs. Vesna Vujovic, was found alive on her seat located by the tail. Seriously wounded, she passed 18 months in a hospital.
Probable cause:
It was confirmed that the accident was the consequence of a terrorist act. Members of the Croatian Group called 'Ustasji' was able to place a homemade bomb in the forward cargo hold.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-32 in Adana: 1 killed

Date & Time: Jan 20, 1972
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
TC-JAC
Flight Type:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Damascus - Ankara
MSN:
47213/358
YOM:
1968
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
1
Circumstances:
En route from Damascus to Ankara, the crew informed ATC about cabin pressurization problems and was cleared to divert to Adana-Şakirpaşa Airport for an emergency landing. On approach, the pilot encountered poor visibility due to snow falls and as he was unable to locate the runway, he decided to make a go-around. Few minutes later, while in a second attempt to land, the crew failed to realize his altitude was too low when the airplane struck the ground. Upon impact, the airplane lost its undercarriage and slid for dozen yards before coming to rest in flames 2 km short of runway 05 threshold. Four crew members were injured while one of the pilot was killed.

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-31 near Duarte: 49 killed

Date & Time: Jun 6, 1971 at 1711 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N9345
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Los Angeles – Salt Lake City – Boise – Lewiston – Pasco – Yakima – Seattle
MSN:
47441/503
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
RW706
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
44
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
49
Captain / Total flying hours:
15490
Captain / Total hours on type:
2562.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
17128
Copilot / Total hours on type:
272
Aircraft flight hours:
5542
Circumstances:
Airwest flight 706, a DC-9, was to fly from Los Angeles, CA (LAX) to Seattle, WA (SEA) with intermediate stops at Salt Lake City (SLC), Boise (BOI), Lewiston (LWS), Pasco (PSC) and Yakima (YKM). The aircraft departed Los Angeles at 18:02. At 18:09 the crew reported leaving FL120 and Los Angeles ARTCC cleared them direct to Daggett. At 17:16 h a US Marine Corps McDonnell F-4B Phantom 151458 departed Naval Auxiliary Air Station (NAAS) Fallon for a flight to MCAS El Toro at low altitude. The aircraft had several technical difficulties, including an inoperative transponder and a leak in the oxygen system. Due to deteriorating visibility northwest of Palmdale, the crew climbed to 15,500 feet . Shortly after level-off, aircraft was 50 miles from MCAS El Toro. The pilot executed a 360° aileron roll at this time, which took approximately 3 seconds to complete. The Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) estimated that the true airspeed in the climb and after level-off was 420 knots. The F-4B collided with the Airwest DC-9 about 1 minute and 20 sec after the roll, at 15150 feet. After the collision, the F-4 began to tumble violently about the lateral axis. The RIO waited about 5 seconds, and, after seeing numerous warning lights in the cockpit, he ejected from the aircraft . The ejection was successful, and he parachuted to the ground without injury. The other F-4 crewmember did not survive the accident.
Probable cause:
The failure of both crews to see and avoid each other but it is recognized that they had only marginal capability to detect, assess, and avoid the collision. Other causal factors include a very high closure rate, comingling of IFR and VFR traffic in an area where the limitation of the ATC system precludes effective separation of such traffic, and failure of the crew of 151458 to request radar advisory service, particularly considering the fact that they had an inoperable transponder.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-31 in Huntington: 75 killed

Date & Time: Nov 14, 1970 at 1936 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N97S
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Kinston - Huntington
MSN:
47245/510
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
SO932
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
71
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
75
Captain / Total flying hours:
18557
Captain / Total hours on type:
2194.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
5872
Copilot / Total hours on type:
1196
Aircraft flight hours:
3667
Circumstances:
The airplane departed Kinston-Stallings Field, North Carolina, at 1838LT on a charter flight to Huntington, West Virginia, carrying players and fans of the Marshall University Football Team based in Huntington. Following an uneventful flight, the crew contacted Huntington Approach Control at 1923LT and was cleared for a runway 11 localizer approach. At 1934LT, the airplane passed the Outer Marker and the crew was cleared to land. In marginal weather conditions (mist and rain), the airplane descended below the minimum descent altitude and the crew failed to realize his altitude was too low when the aircraft struck trees and crashed in flames on the slope of a hill located one mile short of runway 11 threshold. The aircraft was totally destroyed by impact forces and a post crash fire and none of the 75 occupants survived the crash. At the time of the accident, there were scattered clouds at 300 feet, broken overcast at 500 feet and solid overcast at 1,000 feet. Among the 75 occupants were 36 players, nine coaches and administrators, 26 fans and four crew members.
Probable cause:
The descent below Minimum Descent Altitude during a non precision approach under adverse weather conditions, without visual contact with the runway environment. The Board has been unable to determine the reason for this descent, although the two most likely explanations are: a) improper use of cockpit instrument data; or b) an altimetry system error.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-33CF off Charlotte Amalie: 23 killed

Date & Time: May 2, 1970 at 1549 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N935F
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
New York - Saint Marteen
MSN:
47407/457
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
LM980
Crew on board:
6
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
57
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
23
Captain / Total flying hours:
12000
Captain / Total hours on type:
1700.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
3500
Copilot / Total hours on type:
600
Aircraft flight hours:
2505
Circumstances:
ALM flight 980, from New York-JFK International Airport to Juliana Airport, St.Maarten, was being operated under terms of a lease agreement, utilizing an ONA aircraft and flight crew, and an ALM cabin crew. ALM 980 established radio contact with Juliana Tower and received clearance for an Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) approach to runway 09. The weather was reported as scattered clouds at 800 feet, estimated ceiling 1,000 feet broken, 5,000 feet overcast, and visibility 2 to 3 miles. The crew sighted the runway too late to land successfully on this approach, and attempted two left turn, visual circling approaches. The first circling approach was abandoned because of poor alignment with the runway again and on the second one the captain was unable to maintain the proper descent profile without reducing power and increasing the sink rate beyond acceptable limits. The captain executed a missed approach, made a low altitude return to the St. Maarten Radio Beacon, and was given clearance to St. Thomas at an assigned altitude of 4,000 feet. The fuel gauges were reported to have been acting erratically during the climb, but momentarily stabilized at 850 pounds of fuel remaining. A higher altitude was requested and a course adjustment was made for St. Croix, which was closer. Although the captain doubted the accuracy of the fuel gauge reading, he decided to descend in order to establish visual contact with the water. He also advised the purser that they were low on fuel, and to prepare the cabin for ditching. The purser made this announcement, and no other warning was given to the passengers prior to impact. The ditching site was confirmed on radar with the assistance of a PanAm flight that diverted for that purpose. Other fixed-wing aircraft orbited the area until the US Coast Guard, Navy, and Marine Corps helicopters began picking up survivors. Weather in the area during the rescue operation was estimated to be 400 to 500 feet overcast and visibility as low as three-eighths of a mile in rain. The aircraft sank in water more than 5,000 feet deep, and was not recovered.
Probable cause:
The Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was fuel exhaustion which resulted from continued, unsuccessful attempts to land at St. Maarten until insufficient fuel remained to reach an alternate airport. A contributing factor was the reduced visibility in the approach zone because of rain showers, a condition not reported to the flight. The Board also finds that the probability of survival would have been increased substantially in this accident if there had been better crew coordination prior to and during the ditching.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-32 off Santo Domingo: 102 killed

Date & Time: Feb 15, 1970 at 1830 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
HI-177
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Santo Domingo - San Juan
MSN:
47500/546
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
DO603
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
97
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
102
Circumstances:
Two minutes after takeoff from runway 16 at Santo Domingo-Las Américas Airport, while in initial climb, the pilot informed ATC that the right engine failed and was cleared to return for an emergency landing. Shortly later, the left engine failed as well. Out of control, the airplane entered a dive and crashed into the Caribbean Sea about three km offshore. Few debris were floating on water and others sank by a depth of 300 meters. All 102 occupants were killed among them the Dominican boxer Carlos Teo Cruz, world lightweight champion as well as a large part of the Puerto Rico's National Women's Volleyball Team.
Probable cause:
Brand new, the aircraft was delivered by Douglas Corp to Dominicana de Aviación last 16 of December 1969. Only few debris were recovered and unfortunately, both CVR & FDR were not found. Due to lack of evidences, the exact cause of the accident could not be determined with certainty. However, it is believed that the double engine failure may have been caused by the contamination of fuel by an important quantity of water.