Crash of a PZL-Mielec AN-2 near Shieli: 13 killed

Date & Time: Feb 6, 1973 at 1610 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-70737
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Kyzymshek – Shulakkurgan – Shymkent
MSN:
1G130-38
YOM:
1971
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
11
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
13
Circumstances:
The airplane was completing a flight from Kyzymshek to Shymkent with an intermediate stop in Shulakkurgan. Prior to leave Shulakkurgan, the crew was informed about the poor weather conditions en route and the captain request for another itinerary. He was cleared by ATC to take another route to the west but few minutes after takeoff, the crew encountered poor weather conditions and failed to return. While cruising in low clouds and rain showers, the single engine airplane struck the slope of a mountain at an altitude of 454 meters and located in the Karamuryn Mountain Range. As the airplane failed to arrive at destination, SAR operations were conducted and the burnt wreckage was found two days later about 35 km northeast of Shieli. All 13 occupants have been killed.
Probable cause:
The accident was the consequence of a controlled flight into terrain in below-minima weather conditions. The captain decided to conduct the flight in poor weather conditions and failed to return, violating all procedures in place. ATC cleared the crew to take another route to the west which was also irresponsible and the meteorologist published bulletins with inaccurate information as weather conditions were worse than predicted. Mismanagement of flight, poor organization of operations and poor decisions made by the various actors involved in the organization of the flight were considered as contributing factors.

Crash of a De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter 200 near Pudasjärvi

Date & Time: Feb 5, 1973 at 1004 LT
Operator:
Registration:
OH-KOA
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Oulu - Kuusamo
MSN:
166
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
KR482
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
15
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Aircraft flight hours:
3128
Circumstances:
Kar-Air flight KR482 took off from Oulu Airport, Finland on a scheduled domestic service to Kuusamo. The aircraft climbed to FL70 and initially flew above the cloud layer. Before the aircraft started descent, it had been informed on the radio of the prevailing weather at Kuusamo Airport: surface wind 160°, 6 KT occasionally 10 KT, visibility 10 km, clouds 8/8 1000 feet, temperature -7°C, QNH 989 mb. After the aircraft had left its cruising level at approximately 07:24 GMT it entered icing conditions in clouds between 6000 and 5000 feet. When approaching 3000 feet, the right engine of the aircraft suddenly lost its power. The crew immediately feathered the right-hand propeller, changed to single-engine flight and turned back in the direction of Oulu while informing Kuusamo Airport ATC about the incident. Kuusamo ATC cleared the aircraft to FL 60 for the return flight to Oulu. The crew reported that the flight back to Oulu would last one hour and at the same time stated that the climbing performance of the aircraft did not permit a climb to the planned FL 60. The crew asked for FL 30 as its flight altitude and was cleared to that level by the ATC. After the engine failure the pilot-in-command had intended to climb to FL 60, where flight in clear air and without the danger of icing had been possible. Because of the icing of the aircraft, its climbing performance when flying on one engine had, however, not been sufficient for a climb to FL 60. The aircraft had been able to climb about 700 feet to reach an altitude of appr. 3700 feet but was incapable of increasing the altitude above that level. The aircraft had continued its flight in the direction of Oulu but began to continually lose altitude because of increased icing in spite of the engine power being used in the left engine exceeding the maximum continuous thrust values. The aircraft had at the end of the flight been given an estimation of the altitude of the prevailing cloudbase in the region, which was reported to be 300-500 feet. As the loss of height continued, the crew had hoped that they would get below the cloudbase and the ice formed on the aircraft would fall off or that they would be able to make a landing in the terrain choosing a suitable place for emergency landing. However, the weather in the region had been such that there was practically no clearance between the clouds and the terrain. The aircraft had lost so much height by the time it had arrived at the area of Naamanka village in Pudasjarvi parish that the first landmark the co-pilot had seen had been a trigonometric tower which the aircraft passed over by only a few metres. About three kilometres after the passing of the tower, while the pilot-in-command was trying to pick out a landing place and having difficulties to control the aircraft, it had at 08:04 GMT struck the trees and hit the ground in a swampy, sparsely wooded area 5 km north of Linattijarvi. As a result of the impact three persons were quite badly injured while the others received only minor injuries, contusions, and bruises, and the aircraft was destroyed beyond repair.
Source: ASN
Probable cause:
The main reason for the aircraft accident has been the sudden breakdown of the turbine of the right engine so that the engine has lost its power and flight on one engine in icing conditions has become inevitable. The icing on the wet surfaces of the aircraft which lacked de-icing and anti-icing equipment and the consequent deterioration in the performance of the aircraft was decisively contributory to the accident. The performance of the aircraft when flying on one engine has been insufficient after the icing had taken place considering the weight of the aircraft at the time of the accident.

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-21 in Oslo

Date & Time: Jan 30, 1973 at 2319 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
LN-RLM
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Oslo - Tromsö - Alta
MSN:
47304/440
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
SK370
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
29
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
After liftoff from runway 24 at Oslo-Fornebu Airport, while climbing to a height of 30 feet at a speed of 140 knots, the stall warning activated. The captain decided to land but the remaining distance of 1,100 meters was insufficient. Unable to stop, the aircraft overran and plunged into the bay. All 33 occupants were quickly rescued while the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Investigations were able to determine that the speed of the aircraft was correct but that the stall warning light was triggered following an error on the computer that misinterpreted some parameters transmitted by the Pitot tubes. It was reported that the aircraft suffered false stall warnings a couple of times during the past few days.

Crash of a Douglas C-47-DL in Rondonópolis

Date & Time: Jan 29, 1973
Operator:
Registration:
PP-SQA
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
4742
YOM:
1942
Country:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
Crashed upon landing at Rondonópolis Airport in unknown circumstances. There were no casualties.

Crash of an Ilyushin II-18D in Nicosia: 37 killed

Date & Time: Jan 29, 1973
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
SU-AOV
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Cairo - Nicosia
MSN:
188 0110 03
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
MS741
Location:
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
7
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
30
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
37
Circumstances:
While approaching Nicosia Airport by night on a flight from Cairo, the crew failed to realize his altitude was insufficient when, at an altitude of 2,600 feet, the four engine airplane struck the slope of Mt Kyrenia located 16 km from runway 14 threshold. The wreckage was found 117 meters below the summit and all 37 occupants have been killed.
Probable cause:
Controlled flight into terrain.

Crash of an Antonov AN-24B near Petukhovo: 39 killed

Date & Time: Jan 21, 1973 at 2356 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-46276
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Krasnodar – Volgograd – Saratov – Kazan – Perm
MSN:
77303609
YOM:
1967
Flight number:
SU6263
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
34
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
39
Aircraft flight hours:
10623
Aircraft flight cycles:
11419
Circumstances:
At 2354LT, while cruising at an altitude of 5,700 meters in good weather conditions, the crew was cleared to descend to 4,500 meters and confirmed his ETA in Perm in 15 minutes. Less than two minutes later, the airplane went out of control and entered a dive and reached the speed of 1,000 km/h. At 2,700 meters, the captain was able to regain control for few seconds when the airplane made an upward looping and started to lose parts due to excessive g loads. Out of control, it went down and eventually crashed at a speed of 250 km/h in a field covered by 70 cm of snow and located near Petukhovo, about 90 km north of Perm. The wreckage was found at 1400LT on January 22 and all 39 occupants have been killed. It was later reported that four passengers survived the crash but died due to extreme low temperature (-41° C) before the rescuers arrived on site.
Probable cause:
The exact cause of the accident could not be determined with certainty. It is believed that traces of explosives were found on several debris but this was not proven and the Soviet Authorities confirmed there were no military activities in the area at the time of the accident.

Crash of an Ilyushin II-14 in Guiyang

Date & Time: Jan 14, 1973
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
644
Survivors:
No
Site:
Location:
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
7
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
22
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
29
Circumstances:
While approaching Guiyang Airport, the twin engine airplane struck the slope of a mountain. All 29 occupants have been killed.

Crash of a Lockheed L-1011-385 TriStar 1 in the Everglades National Park: 99 killed

Date & Time: Dec 29, 1972 at 2342 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N310EA
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
New York - Miami
MSN:
N193A-1011
YOM:
1972
Flight number:
EA401
Crew on board:
13
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
163
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
101
Captain / Total flying hours:
29700
Captain / Total hours on type:
280.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
5800
Copilot / Total hours on type:
306
Aircraft flight hours:
986
Aircraft flight cycles:
502
Circumstances:
The flight from New York-JFK was uneventful and the crew started the descent to Miami-Intl Airport by night and good weather conditions. On approach, the captain instructed 'gear down' but all three green lights failed to illuminate properly. The second officer was instructed to enter the forward electronics bay but the problem could not be resolved. The crew informed ATC about the situation and was cleared to climb to 2,000 feet. The crew then discussed to try to find a solution but failed to realize that the airplane was continuing to descend. When a warning sounded in the cockpit indicating a +/- 250 feet deviation from the selected altitude, none of the crew members react to the warning sound and no action was taken. At 2341LT, the crew was instructed by ATC to turn heading 180 and a minute later, the first officer realized that something was wrong with the altitude. Seven seconds later, while turning in a left angle of 28°, the left engine struck the ground then the aircraft crashed in the Everglades National Park, about 20 miles short of runway threshold, and disintegrated on impact. 77 people were rescued while 99 others were killed, among them five crew members. More than a week later, two survivors died from their injuries.
Probable cause:
Failure of the flight crew to monitor the flight instruments during the final 4 minutes of flight, and to detect an unexpected descent soon enough to prevent impact with the ground. Preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed. The following findings were reported:
- There was no failure or malfunction of the structure, powerplants, systems, or components of the aircraft before impact, except that both bulbs in the nose landing gear position indicating system were burned out.
- The aircraft struck the ground in a 28' left bank with a high rate of sink.
- There was no fire until the integrity of the left wing fuel tanks was destroyed after the impact.
- The tumor in the cranial cavity of the captain did not contribute to the accident.
- The autopilot was utilized in basic CWS.
- The flight crew was unaware of the low force gradient input required to effect a change in aircraft attitude while in CWS.
- The company training program met the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration.
- The three flight crewmembers were preoccupied in an attempt to ascertain the position of the nose landing gear.
- The second officer, followed later by the jump seat occupant, went into the forward electronics bay to check the nose gear down position indices.
- The second officer was unable visually to determine the position of the nose gear.
- The flight crew did not hear the aural altitude alert which sounded as the aircraft descended through 1,750 feet msl.
- There were several manual thrust reductions during the final descent.
- The speed control system did not affect the reduction in thrust.
- The flight crew did not monitor the flight instruments during the final descent until seconds before impact.
- The captain failed to assure that a pilot was monitoring the progress of the aircraft at all times
Final Report:

Crash of a Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000 near Oslo: 40 killed

Date & Time: Dec 23, 1972 at 1634 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
LN-SUY
Survivors:
Yes
Site:
Schedule:
Ålesund - Oslo
MSN:
11011
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
BU239
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
42
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
40
Captain / Total flying hours:
12960
Captain / Total hours on type:
2163.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
5150
Copilot / Total hours on type:
910
Aircraft flight hours:
8228
Aircraft flight cycles:
16710
Circumstances:
Following an uneventful flight from Ålesund, the crew started a night approach to runway 06 at Oslo-Fornebu Airport. During the descent in limited visibility due to the night and fog, the captain and the approach controller exchanged several messages of sympathy for Christmas. 13 seconds after passing 3,500 feet, the airplane descended 1,510 feet below the MDA. In a gear and flaps down configuration, the airplane struck tree tops and crashed in flames in a dense wooded area located about 16 km west of the airport. The aircraft was totally destroyed and only five passengers survived the crash while 40 other occupants were killed, among them all three crew members.
Probable cause:
The probable cause of the accident was incorrect navigation under a truncated instrument approach to runway 06 at Fornebu Airport. For reason that could not be determined with certainty, the aircraft descended well below the MDA and was off course by 2,5° at the time of the accident. The following factors were reported:
- The second ADF was probably tuned on a false frequency by mistake,
- It is possible that interferences has occurred with the ILS which may have transmitted wrong information to the aircraft,
- The captain did not have a rest period in accordance with legislation,
- The captain exchanged messages with ATC that were not authorized during the initial approach,
- The control tower bearing indicator was moved from its fixed position in the control desk, so that the possibility of random directional control was reduced.
Final Report:

Crash of a De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter off Sint Maarten: 13 killed

Date & Time: Dec 21, 1972
Operator:
Registration:
F-OGFE
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Pointe-à-Pitre - Sint Maarten
MSN:
258
YOM:
1969
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
11
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
13
Circumstances:
The Twin Otter was approaching Sint Maarten-Princess Juliana Airport by night when it crashed in unknown circumstances into the sea few km offshore. The aircraft was destroyed and all 13 occupants were killed.