Crash of a Boeing 727-200 in San Diego: 142 killed

Date & Time: Sep 25, 1978 at 0902 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N533PS
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Sacramento - Los Angeles - San Diego
MSN:
19688/589
YOM:
1968
Flight number:
PS182
Crew on board:
7
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
128
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
142
Captain / Total flying hours:
14382
Captain / Total hours on type:
10482.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
10049
Copilot / Total hours on type:
5800
Aircraft flight hours:
24088
Aircraft flight cycles:
36557
Circumstances:
The crew was completing flight PS182 from Sacramento to San Diego with an intermediate stop in Los Angeles. While descending to San Diego-Lindbergh Field runway 27, the crew was informed about the presence of a Cessna 172M registered N7711G and operated by the Gibbs Flight Center. The single engine airplane just departed San Diego Airport for a local training mission with one student pilot and one instructor on board. At 0901:47, at an altitude of 2,600 feet and 3 NM northeast of San Diego Airport, both airplane collided. Out of control, they dove into the ground and crashed into several houses and the 805 highway located between the districts of Altadena and City Heights. Both aircraft disintegrated on impact and all 137 occupants in both aircraft were killed as well as seven people on the ground. Nine other people on the ground were seriously injured as dozen houses were destroyed.
Probable cause:
The failure of the flight crew of Flight 182 to comply with the provisions of a maintain-visual-separation clearance, including the requirement to inform the controller when visual contact was lost; and the air traffic control procedures in effect which authorized the controllers to use visual separation procedures in a terminal area environment when the capability was available to provide either lateral or vertical separation to either aircraft. Contributing to the accident were:
- The failure of the controller to advise Flight 182 of the direction of movement of the Cessna;
- The failure of the pilot of the Cessna to maintain his assigned heading;
- The improper resolution by the controller of the conflict alert.
Final Report:

Crash of a Piper PA-31-325 Navajo in Los Angeles

Date & Time: May 30, 1978 at 0804 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N59839
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Santa Ana - Los Angeles
MSN:
31-7612048
YOM:
1976
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
1
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
2810
Captain / Total hours on type:
51.00
Circumstances:
On final approach to Los Angeles Airport, the airplane encountered vortex turbulences and crashed. Both occupants were injured, the passenger seriously. The approach was completed with a 5 knots tailwind.
Probable cause:
Controlled collision with ground on final approach due to vortex turbulences. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Improper in-flight decisions,
- Downwind,
- 5 knots tailwind.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-10-10 in Los Angeles: 2 killed

Date & Time: Mar 1, 1978 at 0925 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N68045
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Los Angeles - Honolulu
MSN:
46904
YOM:
1972
Flight number:
CO603
Crew on board:
14
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
186
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
2
Captain / Total flying hours:
29000
Captain / Total hours on type:
2911.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
10000
Copilot / Total hours on type:
1249
Aircraft flight hours:
21358
Circumstances:
On March 1, 1978, Continental Air Lines, Inc., Flight 603, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 (N68045), was a scheduled flight from Los Angeles International Airport, California, to Honolulu, Hawaii. At 0857:18, Flight 603 called Los Angeles clearance delivery and was cleared for the route of flight which was to have been flown. About 2 min later, the flight received permission from Los Angeles ground control to push back from the gate. At 0901:37, Flight 603 was cleared by ground control to taxi to runway 6R. The runway was wet, but there was no standing water. At 0922:29, Los Angeles local control cleared Flight 603 to taxi into position on runway 6R and hold. At 0923:17, local control cleared Flight 603 for takeoff; however, the flightcrew did not acknowledge the instructions and did not comply with them. At 0923:57, local acknowledged the instructions. The captain stated that he delayed control, again, cleared the flight for takeoff. This time the flightcrew acknowledgment of the takeoff clearance because he believed that he had initially been given the clearance too soon after a heavy jet aircraft had made its takeoff. The flightcrew stated that acceleration was normal and that all engine instruments were in the normal range for takeoff. As the airspeed approached the V1 speed of 156 kns, the captain heard a loud "metallic bang" which was followed immediately by "a kind of quivering of the plane." The flightcrew noticed that the left wing dropped slightly. A rejected takeoff was begun immediately; however, according to the digital flight data recorder (DFDR), the airspeed continued to increase to about 159 kns as the rejected takeoff procedures were begun. The captain stated that he applied full brake pressure while simultaneously bringing the thrust levers back to idle power. Reverse thrust levers were actuated and full reverse thrust was used. The flightcrew stated that they noted good reverse thrust. First, the aircraft moved to the left of the runway centerline and appeared tb the flightcrew to be decelerating normally. With about of deceleration had decreased, and they believed that the aircraft would 2,000 ft of runway remaining, the flightcrew became aware that the rate not be able to stop on the runway surface. The captain stated that he maintained maximum brake pedal force and full reverse thrust as he steered the aircraft to the right of the runway centerline in an effort "to go beside the stanchions holding the runway lights" immediately off of the departure end of runway 6R. He stated further that he encountered no problems with directional control of the aircraft throughout the rejected takeoff maneuver. The aircraft departed the right corner of the departure end of runway 6R. About 100 ft beyond the runway, the left main landing gear broke through the nonload-bearing tar-macadam (tarmac) surface and failed rearward. Fire erupted immediately from this area. The aircraft dropped onto the left wing and the No. 1 (left) engine and rotated to the left as it continued its slide along the surface. It stopped between two of the approach light stanchions for runway 24L about 664 ft from the departure end of runway 6R and about 40 ft to the right of the runway 6R extended centerline; it came to rest on a heading of 008°, in an 11° left wing low, 1.3° noseup attitude. When the aircraft came to a stop, the evacuation was begun immediately. Two passengers were killed while all other occupants were evacuated, some of them with serious injuries.
Probable cause:
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was the sequential failure of two tires on the left main landing gear and the resultant failure of another tire on the same landing gear at a critical time during the takeoff roll. These failures resulted in the captain's decision to reject the takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the cumulative effect of the partial loss of aircraft braking because of the failed tires and the reduced braking friction achievable on the wet runway surface which increased the accelerate-stop distance to a value greater than the available runway length. These factors prevented the captain from stopping the aircraft within the runway confines. The failure of the left main landing gear and the consequent rupture of the left wing fuel tanks resulted in an intense fire which added to the severity of the accident.
Final Report:

Crash of a De Havilland DH.104 Dove 2A near Carpinteria: 1 killed

Date & Time: Mar 6, 1975 at 0423 LT
Type of aircraft:
Registration:
N424SF
Flight Phase:
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Paso Robles - Los Angeles
MSN:
04335
YOM:
1952
Crew on board:
1
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
1
Captain / Total flying hours:
6000
Captain / Total hours on type:
400.00
Circumstances:
While cruising by night in marginal weather conditions (low clouds), the airplane struck the slope of a mountain located near Carpinteria. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and a post crash fire and the pilot, sole on board, was killed. The wreckage was found two days later.
Probable cause:
Controlled flight into terrain following improper in-flight decisions on part of the pilot. The following contributing factors were reported:
- Electrical failure,
- Low ceiling,
- High obstructions,
- Ceiling at 3,000 feet,
- Both generators and batteries failed in flight.
Final Report:

Crash of a De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter 200 in Whittier: 12 killed

Date & Time: Jan 9, 1975 at 1607 LT
Operator:
Registration:
N6383
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Ontario - Los Angeles
MSN:
83
YOM:
1967
Flight number:
GW261
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
10
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
12
Captain / Total flying hours:
9366
Captain / Total hours on type:
2774.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
2555
Copilot / Total hours on type:
2065
Aircraft flight hours:
10092
Circumstances:
Golden West Flight 261 departed Ontario, CA at 15:56PST for a VFR flight to Los Angeles. At 16:04 the crew contacted LAX arrival and reported over Rose Hills. The flight was then cleared for the Terminal Control Area (TCA) and no. 2 arrival to runway 24L. At 16:05 the crew were advised that they had traffic 5,5nm in front of them climbing from 1500 to 3000 feet which was a police helicopter on a VFR flight. The arrival controller transmitted another advisory about the helicopter at 16:06, but there was no response. It appeared the Twin Otter had collided in flight at 2200 feet with a Cessna 150 aircraft (N11421). The Twin Otter was flying on a 250deg heading descending 300 feet/min at 146 knots airspeed while the Cessna was flying at 94 kts; the closing speed was 174 kts. The Cessna, operated by CessnAir Aviation had departed from Long Beach on a local training flight at 15:46. Both aircraft crashed. Debris caused some damage to houses and lawns near the crash site.
Probable cause:
The failure of both flight crews to see the other aircraft in sufficient time to initiate evasive action. The Board is unable to determine why each crew failed to see an avoid the other aircraft; however, the Board believes that the ability of both crews to detect the other aircraft in time to avoid a collision was reduced because of the position of the sun, the closure angle of the aircraft, and the necessity for the Twin Otter's fight crew to acquire visual contact with radar-reported traffic directly in front of them.
Final Report:

Crash of a Boeing 707-131B in Los Angeles

Date & Time: Jan 16, 1974 at 0135 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N757TW
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
New York - Los Angeles
MSN:
18395/309
YOM:
1962
Flight number:
TW701
Crew on board:
7
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
56
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Captain / Total flying hours:
15800
Captain / Total hours on type:
6750.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
4335
Copilot / Total hours on type:
2040
Aircraft flight hours:
38876
Circumstances:
Following an uneventful flight from New York-JFK, the crew started the descent to Los Angeles Airport runway 06R over the sea. Weather was clear but on short final, the crew encountered local patches of fog and visual control with the ground was lost. The airplane continued the approach and landed nose wheel first with a vertical g load of 4.6. This caused the nose wheel to collapse rearward and a fire started in the nose wheel well area. The fire in the nose wheel well was initiated by the burning nose gear tires. The fire was fed by hydraulic fluid that escaped from broken nose wheel steering hydraulic lines. Evacuation of the aircraft resulted in minor or serious injuries to eight passengers. Firefighting personnel were unable to extinguish the fire in the nose wheel well before it spread to the fuselage and destroyed the cockpit and the passenger cabin.
Probable cause:
It was determined that the probable cause of the accident was the continuation of a visual approach after the flight crew lost outside visual reference because of a low cloud and fog encounter. The following factors were reported:
- While executing a night visual approach over water to runway 06R at the Los Angeles International Airport, the flight encountered ground fog when the crew prepared to flare the aircraft for landing,
- The weather in the Los Angeles area was clear; however, the existing visibility at the approach end of runway 6R was considerably less than predicted by the National Weather Service because of fog.
Final Report:

Crash of a Boeing 707-321B off Papeete: 78 killed

Date & Time: Jul 22, 1973 at 2206 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N417PA
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Auckland - Papeete - Los Angeles
MSN:
18959/470
YOM:
1966
Flight number:
PA816
Location:
Region:
Crew on board:
10
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
69
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
78
Captain / Total flying hours:
25275
Captain / Total hours on type:
8384.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
21575
Copilot / Total hours on type:
9248
Aircraft flight hours:
27314
Circumstances:
The airplane was completing a internationaal service from Auckland to Los Angeles with an intermediate stop in Papeete, Tahiti. After a night takeoff from Papeete-Faaa Airport runway 04, while climbing to a height of 300 feet, the pilot-in-command initiated a turn to the left according to departure procedures. Then the aircraft entered a left banked, lost altitude and crashed into the sea about 3 km offshore. Few debris were found floating on water and one passenger was evacuated while all 78 other occupants were killed. The aircraft sank by a depth of about 700 meters and both CVR and FDR were not found.
Probable cause:
Due to lack of evidences, the exact cause of the accident could not be determined with certainty. However, it is considered possible that the loss of control during initial climb was the consequence of an instrument failure that may have diverted the crew's attention. As the accident occurred by night over the sea, there were no visual references available and the assumption that the pilot-in-command may have suffered a spatial disorientation was not ruled out.
Final Report:

Crash of a Douglas DC-9-31 near Duarte: 49 killed

Date & Time: Jun 6, 1971 at 1711 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N9345
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Los Angeles – Salt Lake City – Boise – Lewiston – Pasco – Yakima – Seattle
MSN:
47441/503
YOM:
1969
Flight number:
RW706
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
44
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
49
Captain / Total flying hours:
15490
Captain / Total hours on type:
2562.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
17128
Copilot / Total hours on type:
272
Aircraft flight hours:
5542
Circumstances:
Airwest flight 706, a DC-9, was to fly from Los Angeles, CA (LAX) to Seattle, WA (SEA) with intermediate stops at Salt Lake City (SLC), Boise (BOI), Lewiston (LWS), Pasco (PSC) and Yakima (YKM). The aircraft departed Los Angeles at 18:02. At 18:09 the crew reported leaving FL120 and Los Angeles ARTCC cleared them direct to Daggett. At 17:16 h a US Marine Corps McDonnell F-4B Phantom 151458 departed Naval Auxiliary Air Station (NAAS) Fallon for a flight to MCAS El Toro at low altitude. The aircraft had several technical difficulties, including an inoperative transponder and a leak in the oxygen system. Due to deteriorating visibility northwest of Palmdale, the crew climbed to 15,500 feet . Shortly after level-off, aircraft was 50 miles from MCAS El Toro. The pilot executed a 360° aileron roll at this time, which took approximately 3 seconds to complete. The Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) estimated that the true airspeed in the climb and after level-off was 420 knots. The F-4B collided with the Airwest DC-9 about 1 minute and 20 sec after the roll, at 15150 feet. After the collision, the F-4 began to tumble violently about the lateral axis. The RIO waited about 5 seconds, and, after seeing numerous warning lights in the cockpit, he ejected from the aircraft . The ejection was successful, and he parachuted to the ground without injury. The other F-4 crewmember did not survive the accident.
Probable cause:
The failure of both crews to see and avoid each other but it is recognized that they had only marginal capability to detect, assess, and avoid the collision. Other causal factors include a very high closure rate, comingling of IFR and VFR traffic in an area where the limitation of the ATC system precludes effective separation of such traffic, and failure of the crew of 151458 to request radar advisory service, particularly considering the fact that they had an inoperable transponder.
Final Report:

Crash of a Beechcraft G18S in Grand Canyon: 5 killed

Date & Time: Apr 16, 1971 at 2246 LT
Type of aircraft:
Registration:
N318M
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Grand Canyon – Los Angeles
MSN:
BA-545
YOM:
1960
Crew on board:
2
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
3
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
5
Captain / Total flying hours:
2300
Circumstances:
Shortly after takeoff from runway 21 at Grand Canyon-National Park Airport, while in initial climb by night, the crew initiated a right turn when the airplane struck tree tops and crashed in flames. The airplane was totally destroyed and all five occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
Inadequate preflight preparation on part of the flying crew who took improper in-flight decisions. The following factors were reported:
- Improperly loaded aircraft and/or CofG.,
- High density altitude,
- Turned right into rising terrain,
- Over max gross weight about 257 pounds,
- Density altitude about 7,200 feet.
Final Report:

Crash of a Boeing 720-047B in Ontario: 5 killed

Date & Time: Mar 31, 1971 at 0633 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
N3166
Flight Type:
Survivors:
No
Schedule:
Los Angeles - Ontario
MSN:
19439/621
YOM:
1966
Flight number:
WA366
Crew on board:
5
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
5
Captain / Total flying hours:
19714
Captain / Total hours on type:
3780.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
15767
Copilot / Total hours on type:
3840
Aircraft flight hours:
11521
Aircraft flight cycles:
7011
Circumstances:
The crew was completing a training flight from Los Angeles to Ontario. The pilot under supervision was supposed to complete an ILS approach with one engine inoperative, to make a missed approach and a go-around procedure. On final to runway 25R, the airplane went out of control and crashed in a field. The airplane was totally destroyed and all five crew members were killed.
Probable cause:
The failure of the aircraft rudder hydraulic actuator support fitting. The failure of the fitting resulted in the inapparent loss of left rudder control which, under the conditions of the flight, precluded the pilots’ ability to maintain directional control during a simulated engine-out missed-approach. The existing weather conditions degraded external visual cues, thereby hampering rapid assessment of aircraft performance by the flight check captain.
Final Report: