Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40S2 in Santiago de Cuba: 11 killed

Date & Time: Oct 24, 1990 at 0158 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CU-T1202
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Camagüey – Santiago de Cuba
MSN:
9 63 14 49
YOM:
1976
Flight number:
CU2886
Country:
Crew on board:
7
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
24
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
11
Captain / Total flying hours:
2997
Captain / Total hours on type:
2708.00
Copilot / Total flying hours:
522
Copilot / Total hours on type:
289
Aircraft flight hours:
14068
Aircraft flight cycles:
14011
Circumstances:
The descent to Santiago de Cuba-Antonio Maceo Airport was started by night and poor weather conditions. As the crew was unable to locate the airport, he decided to abandon the approach and initiated a go-around. Few minutes later, a second attempt to land was also abandoned. During the third approach completed under VFR mode, the crew failed to realize he was not properly aligned when the aircraft struck at a speed of 280 km/h the top of a hill and crashed 4 km short of runway 27. Two crew members and 9 passengers were killed while 20 other occupants were rescued, among them 12 were seriously injured.
Probable cause:
It was determined that the crew decided to complete the third approach under VFR mode in adverse weather conditions (IMC). This caused the aircraft to deviate from the approach path and to descent below the minimum prescribed altitude. The wreckage was found one km to the right of the extended centerline.

Ground accident of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Pavlodar

Date & Time: Sep 9, 1990
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87451
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
9 43 08 36
YOM:
1974
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
0
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
0
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Aircraft flight hours:
24311
Aircraft flight cycles:
16579
Circumstances:
Destroyed while parked at Pavlodar Airport after being struck by another Yak-40 registered CCCP-87914 that crashed upon landing. There were no casualties.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40K in Pavlodar

Date & Time: Sep 9, 1990
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87914
Survivors:
Yes
MSN:
9 73 03 55
YOM:
1977
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
18
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Aircraft flight hours:
17930
Aircraft flight cycles:
12388
Circumstances:
On approach to Pavlodar Airport, the crew was instructed by ATC to turn left in order to provide enough space for another aircraft that was approaching the same airfield. On short final, at an altitude of 50 meters and some 300 meters short of runway threshold, the aircraft was 51 meters to the left of the runway centerline. Instead of initiating a go-around procedure, the crew decided to continue the approach and the aircraft landed on the right half of the runway, some 7-10 meters from the left edge, at a speed of 205 km/h and with a rate of descent of 2.5 m/sec. The aircraft bounced and touched down 30 meters further. The aircraft went out of control, veered off runway to the right and eventually collided with another Yakovlev Yak-40 registered CCCP-87451 that was parked on the apron. Both aircraft were destroyed and all 22 occupants were evacuated safely.
Probable cause:
Failure of the crew to recognize he was landing on a non paved runway and his failure to initiate a go-around procedure as the landing maneuver was obviously missed.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 near Stepanakert: 47 killed

Date & Time: Aug 1, 1990 at 1009 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87453
Survivors:
No
Site:
Schedule:
Yerevan - Stepanakert
MSN:
9 43 10 36
YOM:
1974
Flight number:
SU35D
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
43
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
47
Circumstances:
The aircraft operated on a passenger service from Yerevan-Erebuni Airport to Stepanakert Airport. In addition to 30 passengers with tickets, the crew took on board 13 unregistered passengers. With this heavy load, the captain requested a lower altitude, 4,500 meters, for the flight. This was granted by ATC, while the regular altitude on the route was 5,100-6,600 meters with a minimum safe height of 4,516 meters. At 09:59, at a distance of 21 km after passing the Azizbekov NDB, the crew was taken over by a controller of Kafan Airport. The controller instructed to keep the height of 4,500 meters to the point of descent. The flight was the cleared down to 3,900 meters and the aircraft descended over mountains covered by a cloud deck with an upper boundary of 3,000-3,300 meters. However, the flight crew never reported their exact position and the controller did not check it on radar. The flight reached the altitude of 3,900 meters at 10:07, and continued descending without informing the controller. At 10:08, the captain requested to contact Stepanakert, while giving a false report that the flight altitude was 3,900 meters. Not observing the aircraft, not knowing its actual flight altitude and not having direct communication with the controller at Stepanakert, the Kafan ATC controller allowed the crew to switch to the Stepanakert frequency. The captain reported to the controller that they were at an altitude of 3,900 meters and requested permission to descend to 2,400 meters. The controller at Stepanakert, having no radar facilities to monitor the aircraft, permitted a descent to 3,000 meters the NDB. At 10:09:57, the aircraft collided with a rocky mountain slope at an altitude of 2,520 meters while descending in clouds. All 47 occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
The accident was caused by a combination of the following factors:
- The captain's violations of the flight rules set forth in the policy documents manifested in unsatisfactory navigation, straightening the route and premature unauthorized descent to a height below the minimum safety altitude, which resulted in a collision with a mountain.
- Violations of ATC rules in their zones by ATC dispatchers of Erebuni, Kafan and Stepanakert airports, expressed in failure to comply with the rules of air traffic control and non-interference in the actions of the crew who violated the rules of navigation and flight regime, which did not allow timely prevention of the aircraft collision with an obstacle. The dispatchers at Yerevan-Stepanakert have a stereotype of work: to allow those conditions of approach, which the crews requested. These violations became possible due to shortcomings in the organization of flight work, flights and air traffic control at the Yerevan-Stepanakert MVL of the Armenian and Azerbaijani State Administration.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Jalal-Abad

Date & Time: Sep 15, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87391
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Bishkek - Jalal-Abad
MSN:
9 41 03 33
YOM:
1974
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
27
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
Following a wrong approach configuration, the crew completed the landing at an excessive speed in a nose-down attitude. Upon touchdown, the aircraft bounced three times then veered off runway and came to rest. All 30 occupants escaped uninjured while the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Wrong approach configuration on part of the flying crew.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Bishkek

Date & Time: Sep 2, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87509
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Jalal-Abad - Bishkek
MSN:
9 52 11 40
YOM:
1975
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
40
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
While descending to Bishkek, the hydraulic systems failed at an altitude of 5,700 meters. The crew continued the approach when the captain informed ATC that he was unable to lower the gear. The crew completed a belly landing on a grassy area parallel to the main runway at Bishkek Airport. The aircraft slid on a certain distance before coming to rest. While all 43 occupants were uninjured, the aircraft was considered as damaged beyond repair.
Probable cause:
Failure of the main hydraulic system due to the loss of the cap of the hydraulic tank caused by the destruction of the nut due to fatigue caused by structural and manufacturing faults.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Neryungri

Date & Time: Aug 14, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-88252
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Chita – Neryungri
MSN:
9710652
YOM:
1977
Flight number:
SU432
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
26
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
The landing at Neryungri Airport was completed by night and marginal weather conditions. After touchdown on a wet runway, the three engine aircraft went out of control, veered off runway and came to rest. All 29 occupants evacuated safely while the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Qala-e-Naw

Date & Time: Jul 31, 1989
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
YA-KAA
Survivors:
Yes
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
3
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
17
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
0
Circumstances:
Crashed in unknown circumstances while landing at Qala-e-Naw Airport. All 20 occupants were rescued while the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Sofia: 29 killed

Date & Time: Aug 2, 1988
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
LZ-DOK
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Sofia - Varna
MSN:
9 62 02 47
YOM:
1976
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
33
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
29
Circumstances:
During the takeoff roll on runway 09 at Sofia-Vrazhdebna Airport, the three engine aircraft was unable to rotate and failed to become airborne. It overran and crashed in a ditch, bursting into flames. Eight occupants were seriously injured while 29 others were killed. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and a post crash fire.
Probable cause:
It was determined that the Sofia Airport should be momentarily closed to traffic because the Presidential Tupolev TU-154 of the Republic of Bulgaria was scheduled to takeoff with the Bulgarian President Todor Zhivkov on board. Large delays were expected so ATC cleared the crew to take off but asked him to expedite takeoff. In a certain confusion and in the rush, the crew failed to follow the pre-takeoff checklist and forgot to set the trim correctly. As the stabilizer was incorrectly set in the down position, the aircraft was unable to rotate and overran the runway before crashing.

Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Nizhnevartovsk: 27 killed

Date & Time: Jan 24, 1988 at 1850 LT
Type of aircraft:
Operator:
Registration:
CCCP-87549
Flight Phase:
Survivors:
Yes
Schedule:
Nizhnevartovsk - Tyumen - Bugulma
MSN:
9 53 14 42
YOM:
1975
Flight number:
SU29674
Country:
Region:
Crew on board:
4
Crew fatalities:
Pax on board:
27
Pax fatalities:
Other fatalities:
Total fatalities:
27
Aircraft flight hours:
13978
Aircraft flight cycles:
14766
Circumstances:
Liftoff was completed at a speed of 220 km/h after a course of 1,700 meters. Immediately after takeoff, at a height of 2 meters, engines n°2 and 3 lost approximately 20% of power. Few seconds later, the engine n°1 also suffered a power reduction of about 10%. The aircraft then rolled to the right to an angle of 60°, lost height and crashed in a field located 1,800 meters past the runway end, bursting into flames. Four passengers were seriously injured while 27 other occupants were killed.
Probable cause:
The exact cause of the loss of power on all three engines could not be determined with certainty, also due to the absence of evidences, efficient recording systems and testimony from the crew who were killed.